Abubakar Abubakar

"𝔾𝕖𝕟𝕖 𝕕𝕦𝕡𝕝𝕚𝕔𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟 𝕡𝕣𝕠𝕧𝕚𝕕𝕖𝕤 𝕒 𝕣𝕖𝕕𝕦𝕟𝕕𝕒𝕟𝕔𝕪 𝕥𝕙𝕒𝕥 𝕗𝕣𝕖𝕖𝕤 𝕠𝕟𝕖 𝕔𝕠𝕡𝕪 𝕗𝕣𝕠𝕞 𝕤𝕖𝕝𝕖𝕔𝕥𝕚𝕧𝕖 𝕔𝕠𝕟𝕤𝕥𝕣𝕒𝕚𝕟𝕥, 𝕒𝕝𝕝𝕠𝕨𝕚𝕟𝕘 𝕚𝕥 𝕥𝕠 𝕖𝕩𝕡𝕝𝕠𝕣𝕖 𝕟𝕖𝕨 𝕗𝕦𝕟𝕔𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟𝕒𝕝 𝕤𝕡𝕒𝕔𝕖." - Dr. Richard Lewontin 🧬 Gene duplications are a driving force in evolution, offering raw material for innovation. They arise through mechanisms like unequal crossing over, retroposition, or whole-genome duplication (WGD). Once a gene is duplicated, one copy can conserve its original role, while the other diverges; fueling new functions, adaptations, or even nonfunctionalization (pseudogenes).           🔹 The evolutionary fates of gene duplications includes: Subfunctionalization: split ancestral functions across duplicates. Neofunctionalization: gain of new roles, which is vital for innovation. Pseudogenization: loss of function. A classic case is the globin gene family: duplications enabled the evolution of h...

Recommended book of the weekend: 🍃 ☕ ➡️ "BLOOD MEMORY" By Greg Iles   🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁

“𝔼𝕧𝕖𝕣𝕪 𝕡𝕠𝕡𝕦𝕝𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟 𝕙𝕒𝕤 𝕞𝕚𝕩𝕥𝕦𝕣𝕖𝕤 𝕒𝕟𝕕 𝕝𝕒𝕪𝕖𝕣𝕤 𝕠𝕗 𝕒𝕟𝕔𝕖𝕤𝕥𝕣𝕪. 𝕋𝕙𝕖 𝕘𝕖𝕟𝕖𝕥𝕚𝕔 𝕣𝕖𝕔𝕠𝕣𝕕 𝕣𝕖𝕧𝕖𝕒𝕝𝕤 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕙𝕚𝕕𝕕𝕖𝕟 𝕞𝕚𝕘𝕣𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟𝕤 𝕒𝕟𝕕 𝕥𝕦𝕣𝕟𝕠𝕧𝕖𝕣𝕤 𝕥𝕙𝕒𝕥 𝕒𝕣𝕔𝕙𝕒𝕖𝕠𝕝𝕠𝕘𝕪 𝕒𝕝𝕠𝕟𝕖 𝕔𝕒𝕟𝕟𝕠𝕥 𝕦𝕟𝕔𝕠𝕧𝕖𝕣.” - Professor David Reich 🧬 Human migration has always shaped societies, cultures, and genomes. Every movement; whether driven by survival, opportunity, or exploration has left genetic footprints that define who we are today. Genetics offers a powerful lens to trace ancestral pathways, reveal hidden migrations, and understand our shared humanity.           🔹 The Out of Africa migration (60,000–80,000 years ago) marked the beginning of global dispersal. Genetic studies using mitochondrial & Y-chromosome DNA have mapped lineages across continents, uncovering population bottlenecks, admixture, and ancient encounters. Haplogroups act as “time c...

Recommended book of the weekend: 🍃 ☕ ➡️ "THE UNNATURALISTS" By Tiffany Trent   🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁

“𝕋𝕦𝕞𝕠𝕣𝕤 𝕖𝕧𝕠𝕝𝕧𝕖 𝕨𝕒𝕪𝕤 𝕥𝕠 𝕕𝕚𝕤𝕒𝕓𝕝𝕖 𝕚𝕞𝕞𝕦𝕟𝕖 𝕣𝕖𝕤𝕡𝕠𝕟𝕤𝕖𝕤, 𝕠𝕗𝕥𝕖𝕟 𝕥𝕙𝕣𝕠𝕦𝕘𝕙 𝕞𝕦𝕥𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟𝕤 𝕥𝕙𝕒𝕥 𝕕𝕠𝕨𝕟𝕣𝕖𝕘𝕦𝕝𝕒𝕥𝕖 𝕒𝕟𝕥𝕚𝕘𝕖𝕟 𝕡𝕣𝕖𝕤𝕖𝕟𝕥𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟 𝕠𝕣 𝕦𝕡𝕣𝕖𝕘𝕦𝕝𝕒𝕥𝕖 𝕚𝕟𝕙𝕚𝕓𝕚𝕥𝕠𝕣𝕪 𝕡𝕒𝕥𝕙𝕨𝕒𝕪𝕤.” - Prof. James P. Allison (Nobel Laureate) 🧬 Immuno-oncology leverages the immune system to fight cancer. Yet, tumors adapt through genetic mutations that disable immune recognition and foster escape. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for advancing precision therapies.           🔹 Tumors mutate to downregulate antigens or MHC molecules, avoiding T cell detection. Intratumoral heterogeneity further ensures survival of immune-resistant clones.           🔹 Overexpression of ligands like PD-L1 suppresses T cell activity via PD-1 engagement. Genetic alterations in these pathways underpin the rationale for ch...

“𝕎𝕙𝕖𝕟 𝕪𝕠𝕦 𝕥𝕙𝕚𝕟𝕜 𝕒𝕓𝕠𝕦𝕥 𝕚𝕥, 𝕔𝕒𝕣𝕚𝕟𝕘 𝕗𝕠𝕣 𝕡𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕖𝕟𝕥𝕤 𝕚𝕤 99 𝕡𝕖𝕣𝕔𝕖𝕟𝕥 𝕚𝕟𝕗𝕠𝕣𝕞𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟 𝕒𝕟𝕕 1 𝕡𝕖𝕣𝕔𝕖𝕟𝕥 𝕚𝕟𝕥𝕖𝕣𝕧𝕖𝕟𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟... 𝔹𝕚𝕠𝕚𝕟𝕗𝕠𝕣𝕞𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕔𝕤 𝕓𝕣𝕚𝕟𝕘𝕤 𝕒 𝕔𝕦𝕥𝕥𝕚𝕟𝕘 𝕖𝕕𝕘𝕖 𝕔𝕒𝕡𝕒𝕔𝕚𝕥𝕪 𝕥𝕠 𝕙𝕖𝕒𝕝𝕥𝕙𝕔𝕒𝕣𝕖.” - Prof. Christopher G. Chute 🧬 Immunogenetics, the intersection of immunology and genetics, explores the genetic basis of immune responses & disease susceptibility. With today’s vast genomic datasets, bioinformatics has become the backbone of this field, enabling us to decode immune mechanisms, predict disease risks, & design targeted therapies.           🔹 Bioinformatics frameworks manage, analyze, & interpret the immense datasets generated by genomics & immunology. Tools like "Ensembl", "gnomAD", and "ImmunoDB" provide repositories for sequence data & gene annotations, while alignment tools such as "BLAST" & "Clus...