“๐๐ธ ๐ผ๐ฒ๐ท๐ฐ๐ต๐ฎ ๐ต๐ช๐ซ๐ธ๐ป๐ช๐ฝ๐ธ๐ป๐ ๐ฑ๐ช๐ผ ๐ฎ๐ท๐ธ๐พ๐ฐ๐ฑ ๐ญ๐ช๐ฝ๐ช; ๐ฌ๐ธ๐ต๐ต๐ช๐ซ๐ธ๐ป๐ช๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฎ ๐ฌ๐พ๐ป๐ช๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ธ๐ท ๐ฒ๐ผ ๐ฝ๐ฑ๐ฎ ๐ฏ๐พ๐ฝ๐พ๐ป๐ฎ ๐ธ๐ฏ ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐ท๐ธ๐ถ๐ฒ๐ฌ ๐ถ๐ฎ๐ญ๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ฒ๐ท๐ฎ.” - Professor Heidi Rehm ๐งฌ Genomic medicine has moved from discovery to daily clinical decision-making. At the center of this shift are the 2015 standards from the American College of Medical Genetics & Genomics (ACMG), which established a structured framework for interpreting sequence variants. ๐น Genetic variants influence disease risk, diagnosis, prognosis, & therapeutic strategy. Without standardized interpretation, clinical decisions become inconsistent. The ACMG/AMP framework addresses this by integrating multiple evidence streams into five categories: 1. Pathogenic (Class 5) 2. Likely Pathogenic (Class 4) 3. Variant of Uncertain Significance [VUS] (Class 3) 4. Likely Benign (Class 2) 5. Benign (Class 1) This tiered system reduces interpretive subjectivity & improves reproducibility...
"AN EXCHANGE CAN HAPPEN WITHOUT A GAIN OR LOSS, YET IT MAY PRODUCE SOME UNEXPECTED SIDE EFFECTS" ๐งฌ Balanced translocation is a type of chromosomal rearrangement where two segments of chromosomes are exchanged without any loss or gain of genetic material. This results in a rearrangement of genetic material within the chromosomes without any significant disruption. Balanced translocations typically involve the exchange of segments between non-homologous chromosomes, meaning that the segments are exchanged between different pairs of chromosomes. ๐น Individuals with balanced translocations often do not display any outward physical signs or symptoms, as the total amount of genetic material remains the same. However, balanced translocations can have implications for health and reproduction. In some cases, balanced translocations can lead to infertility, recurrent miscarriages, or the potential for offspring to inherit unbalanced translocations, which do invo...
"๐พ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฆ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐ ๐ก๐ฃ๐ ๐ง๐๐๐๐ค ๐ ๐ฃ๐๐๐ฆ๐๐๐๐๐๐ช ๐ฅ๐๐๐ฅ ๐๐ฃ๐๐๐ค ๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐ก๐ช ๐๐ฃ๐ ๐ ๐ค๐๐๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ค๐ฅ๐ฃ๐๐๐๐ฅ, ๐๐๐๐ ๐จ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฅ ๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ฉ๐ก๐๐ ๐ฃ๐ ๐๐๐จ ๐๐ฆ๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ค๐ก๐๐๐." - Dr. Richard Lewontin ๐งฌ Gene duplications are a driving force in evolution, offering raw material for innovation. They arise through mechanisms like unequal crossing over, retroposition, or whole-genome duplication (WGD). Once a gene is duplicated, one copy can conserve its original role, while the other diverges; fueling new functions, adaptations, or even nonfunctionalization (pseudogenes). ๐น The evolutionary fates of gene duplications includes: Subfunctionalization: split ancestral functions across duplicates. Neofunctionalization: gain of new roles, which is vital for innovation. Pseudogenization: loss of function. A classic case is the globin gene family: duplications enabled the evolution of h...
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