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GENE DUPLICATIONS IN EVOLUTIONARY INNOVATION

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"π”Ύπ•–π•Ÿπ•– π••π•¦π•‘π•π•šπ•”π•’π•₯π•šπ• π•Ÿ π•‘π•£π• π•§π•šπ••π•–π•€ 𝕒 π•£π•–π••π•¦π•Ÿπ••π•’π•Ÿπ•”π•ͺ π•₯𝕙𝕒π•₯ 𝕗𝕣𝕖𝕖𝕀 π• π•Ÿπ•– 𝕔𝕠𝕑π•ͺ π•—π•£π• π•ž 𝕀𝕖𝕝𝕖𝕔π•₯π•šπ•§π•– π•”π• π•Ÿπ•€π•₯π•£π•’π•šπ•Ÿπ•₯, π•’π•π•π• π•¨π•šπ•Ÿπ•˜ π•šπ•₯ π•₯𝕠 𝕖𝕩𝕑𝕝𝕠𝕣𝕖 π•Ÿπ•–π•¨ π•—π•¦π•Ÿπ•”π•₯π•šπ• π•Ÿπ•’π• 𝕀𝕑𝕒𝕔𝕖." - Dr. Richard Lewontin 🧬 Gene duplications are a driving force in evolution, offering raw material for innovation. They arise through mechanisms like unequal crossing over, retroposition, or whole-genome duplication (WGD). Once a gene is duplicated, one copy can conserve its original role, while the other diverges; fueling new functions, adaptations, or even nonfunctionalization (pseudogenes).           πŸ”Ή The evolutionary fates of gene duplications includes: Subfunctionalization: split ancestral functions across duplicates. Neofunctionalization: gain of new roles, which is vital for innovation. Pseudogenization: loss of function. A classic case is the globin gene family: duplications enabled the evolution of h...
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MUTATIONAL SIGNATURES IN CANCER GENOMES πŸŽ—️

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“𝕋𝕙𝕖 π•˜π•–π•Ÿπ• π•žπ•– 𝕠𝕗 𝕖𝕧𝕖𝕣π•ͺ π•”π•’π•Ÿπ•”π•–π•£ π•‘π•£π• π•§π•šπ••π•–π•€ 𝕒 π•œπ•šπ•Ÿπ•• 𝕠𝕗 ‘π•’π•£π•”π•™π•’π•–π• π•π• π•˜π•šπ•”π•’π• 𝕣𝕖𝕔𝕠𝕣𝕕,’ π•¨π•£π•šπ•₯π•₯π•–π•Ÿ π•šπ•Ÿ π•₯𝕙𝕖 𝔻ℕ𝔸 𝕔𝕠𝕕𝕖 π•šπ•₯𝕀𝕖𝕝𝕗, 𝕠𝕗 π•₯𝕙𝕖 𝕖𝕩𝕑𝕠𝕀𝕦𝕣𝕖𝕀 π•₯𝕙𝕒π•₯ 𝕔𝕒𝕦𝕀𝕖𝕕 π•₯𝕙𝕖 π•žπ•¦π•₯𝕒π•₯π•šπ• π•Ÿπ•€ π•₯𝕙𝕒π•₯ 𝕝𝕖𝕒𝕕 π•₯𝕠 π•₯𝕙𝕖 π•”π•’π•Ÿπ•”π•–π•£.” - Sir. Mike Stratton 🧬 Cancer arises from the accumulation of somatic mutations, each carrying clues about the biological and environmental forces that shaped the tumor’s evolution. With the advent of high-throughput sequencing and large-scale projects like TCGA and ICGC, we have uncovered distinct mutational signatures; recurring patterns of DNA alterations that reflect specific mutagenic processes. πŸ”Ή What are mutational signatures? They are characteristic patterns of nucleotide substitutions, insertions, or deletions, shaped by mechanisms such as aging, tobacco exposure, UV light, or defective DNA repair. For example, Signature 1 correlates with age-related deamin...
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