INTEGRATIVE REVIEW: FROM GENE TO SOCIETY

“𝓖𝓮𝓷𝓮𝓼 𝓪𝓻𝓮 𝓷𝓮𝓬𝓮𝓼𝓼𝓪𝓻𝔂, 𝓫𝓾𝓽 𝓽𝓱𝓮𝔂 𝓪𝓻𝓮 𝓷𝓸𝓽 𝓼𝓾𝓯𝓯𝓲𝓬𝓲𝓮𝓷𝓽.” - Ruth Sager

🧬 Understanding human behavior and health requires moving beyond genetic determinism toward an integrative framework that connects genes, environments, and social structures. Advances in behavioral genetics demonstrate that traits such as cognition, temperament, and vulnerability to mental disorders show moderate heritability. Twin and genome-wide studies consistently confirm genetic contributions to these outcomes. Yet, genetic influence alone explains only part of the variance.

          🔹 Importantly, gene-environment interactions illustrate that genetic predispositions are context-dependent. A genetic liability for anxiety or depression, for example, may remain latent unless activated by chronic stress, poverty, or trauma. This insight reframes disease risk as a product of both biological susceptibility and social determinants of health, including education, income, and social support. The emergence of epigenetics further bridges biology and society.

         🔹 Environmental exposures; nutrition, psychosocial stress, or early-life adversity can alter gene expression without changing DNA sequences, with some effects persisting across generations. These findings challenge static views of inheritance and highlight how societal conditions can become biologically embedded. Social structures also mediate whether genetic potential is realized. Educational opportunity, healthcare access, and cultural norms can amplify or suppress biological advantages.

          🔹 Conversely, stigma and inequality can worsen outcomes even in the presence of favorable genetic profiles. Thus, health disparities cannot be fully understood or addressed without integrating social context into genetic research. This gene-to-society perspective has significant implications for public health, medicine, and policy. Precision medicine must incorporate social environments alongside genomic data, while effective interventions require collaboration across genetics, social science, and ethics.

         ➡️ Importantly, ethical safeguards are essential to prevent genetic reductionism, discrimination, and misuse of genetic information.

⚠️ In an Oystershell, human biology is inseparable from social reality. A truly integrative approach; linking genes, environments, and societal systems is essential for advancing equitable health outcomes and a deeper understanding of what shapes human lives.

Abubakar Abubakar ✍🏻

• Plomin, et al. (2016). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(1), 3-23.

• Caspi, A., et al. (2003). Science, 301(5631), 386-389.

• Meaney, M. J. (2010). Epigenetics and the biological Child Development, 81(1), 41-79.

• Hertzman, C., & Boyce, T. (2010). PNAS, 107(Suppl 2), 8507-8514.

#GeneToSociety #IntegrativeScience #SystemsThinking #Epigenetics #Genomics #PrecisionMedicine #NGS #CRISPR #GlobalHealth ⚕️

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